20 June 2007 - CRIN Children and Armed Conflict 109
Special Edition on World Refugee Day 2007
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WORLD REFUGEE DAY: Refugee numbers up for the first time in five years [publication]
FACTS AND FIGURES: Background on World Refugee Day [fact sheet]
REFUGEE AND DISPLACED CHILDREN: A Rough Guide to International Standards [guide]
IRAN: Halt mass deportation of Afghans [news]
OPT: 7.5 Million Palestinian refugees and IDPs in need of a rights-based solution [news]
MALAYSIA: Undocumented children vulnerable to statelessness [news]
EDUCATION: Aid agency warns that targets for children in conflict-affected countries will be missed [animated report]
RESOURCES: Publications and websites
**NEWS IN BRIEF**
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WORLD REFUGEE DAY: Refugee numbers up for the first time in five years [publication]
[20 June 2007] – The number of refugees worldwide has risen for the first time in five years, largely because of the crisis engulfing Iraq, while the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) has nearly doubled as well, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) said in a new report.
About 9.9 million refugees received help from UNHCR last year, an annual increase of 14 per cent – or about 1.2 million – and the highest figure since 2002, according to data released in UNHCR’s latest Global Trends report on the eve of World Refugee Day.
The key reason for the surge in numbers, the report’s authors stated, is the violence in Iraq, which has forced 1.2 million people to flee the country since the start of last year, predominantly to either Syria or Jordan.
Overall, the biggest national group of refugees remain Afghans (2.1 million), followed by Iraqis (1.5 million), Sudanese (686,000) and Somalis (460,000), but UNHCR noted that thousands of Afghans and Sudanese – as well as Liberians, Burundians and Angolans – were among the 734,000 refugees who returned home voluntarily last year.
The refugee figures do not include the estimated 4.3 million Palestinians living in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the occupied Palestinian territory who fall under the mandate of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).
The number of IDPs being assisted by UNHCR reached a record high of 12.9 million, a dramatic increase on the 2005 figure of 6.6 million. The report said this was driven mainly by improved registration systems, more accurate statistics and UNHCR taking up the lead role for IDP protection in some countries from other agencies.
Not just Iraq
But persistent or fresh conflict in Colombia, Iraq, Lebanon, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste has also contributed to the jump.
In total, UNHCR provided assistance last year to almost 33 million people, which includes asylum-seekers, returnees and people deemed stateless as well as refugees and IDPs. This represents a sharp increase on the previous year’s 21 million, but the leap is due partly to new methodologies for collecting and assessing data in some countries.
Meanwhile, High Commissioner António Guterres joined more than 160 southern Sudanese refugees yesterday as they made their way home from exile in neighbouring Uganda, where some had been living for two decades.
Mr. Guterres, who is on a three-day mission in Africa to coincide with World Refugee Day, described the repatriation programme to southern Sudan as one of the few bright spots in the region.
About 155,000 southern Sudanese have been returning home since the Government and rebels signed a comprehensive peace deal in 2005 ending the long-running north-south civil war.
“Life will not be easy; you will face many difficulties,” Mr. Guterres told the returnees, who received a bundle of aid items, food stocks and information on landmines and HIV and AIDS prevention.
Further information
For more information, contact:
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Case Postale 2500, CH-1211 Genève 2 Dépôt, Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 739 8111
Website: http://www.unhcr.org
Visit: http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=13750
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FACTS AND FIGURES: Background on World Refugee Day [fact sheet]
Every year on June 20 the world honours the courage, resilience and strength of refugees. On this sixth anniversary of the United Nations-designated World Refugee Day, thousands of organisations in hundreds of countries will come together to focus global attention not only on the plight of refugees and the causes of their exile, but also on their determination and will to survive and on the contributions they make to their host communities.
Often classified unfairly with economic migrants, refugees flee their country not for economic gain but to escape persecution, the threat of imprisonment and even threats to their lives. They need a safe haven where they can recover from mental and physical trauma and rebuild their hopes for a better future.
The intolerance that is often at the root of internal displacement and refugee flows is also present in some of the countries that refugees flee to. Instead of finding empathy and understanding, they are often met with mistrust or scorn.
While most refugees want to go home, some cannot safely return. But wherever they are, refugees will always strive to pick up the pieces and start over.
See UNHCR events taking place around the world today:
http://www.unhcr.org/doclist/events/4637398a2.html
Facts and figures on refugee and internally displaced children
The statistics below have been extracted by AlertNet from UNHCR's report:
Refugees
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Total: 9.9 million (not including 4.3 million Palestinian refugees cared for by another U.N. agency, UNRWA). This was a 14 per cent rise on 2005, due mainly to 1.2 million Iraqi refugees and a revised estimate of the refugee population in the United States. The Iraqi refugee total has since risen to 2.2 million.
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Top countries of origin
Afghanistan - 2.1 million
Iraq - 1.5 million (now 2.2 million)
Sudan - 686,000
Somalia - 460,000
Democratic Republic of the Congo - about 400,000
Burundi - about 400,000
Main countries of asylum
Pakistan - 1 million
Iran - 968,000
United States - 844,000
Syria - 702,000 (now 1.4 million)
Germany - 605,00
People internally displaced by conflict
Total: 24.5 million (estimated by Norwegian Refugee Council), of which 12.9 million are protected or assisted by the UNHCR.
Main countries with internally displaced people
Colombia - 3 million
Iraq - 1.8 million (now more than 2 million)
Uganda - 1.6 million
Sudan - 5 million (of whom UNHCR assists 1.3 million)
DRC - 1.1 million
Asylum seekers
Total - 596,600, an 11 per cent drop compared to 2005
Europe - 299,000
Africa - 159,000
Americas - 78,000
Asia - 53,500
Oceania - 7,100
Statelessness
Total: 5.8 million (accurate statistics are lacking; UNHCR estimates that the real total could be as high as 15 million)
[Sources: AlertNet, UNHCR, Amnesty International]
Visit: http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13539&flag=event
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REFUGEE AND DISPLACED CHILDREN: A Rough Guide to International Standards [guide]
UN Human Rights System
The Convention on the Rights of the Child
Article 22 of the CRC says that States Parties must take measures to ensure that children who are seeking refugee status or are considered refugees according to international or national law, receive protection and humanitarian assistance so that they can enjoy their rights as set out in the CRC and other applicable human rights and humanitarian instruments.
It says that States Parties must cooperate with the UN and others to protect and assist such children, as well as to trace family members. If family members cannot be found, children must receive the same protection as other children who are deprived of their family.
In 2005, the Committee on the Rights of the Child issued General Comment No. 6,
"Treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin" which recommends measures that States should take to protect the rights of unaccompanied and separated children.
In addition, Article 9 states that if a child is separated from his or her parents, where separation is the result of action by a State Party, that State must, upon request of the child, a parent, or family member provide the child with information about the whereabouts of a family member shall, unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child.
Article 7 of the CRC says all that children have a right to nationality from birth.
Other relevant UN instruments
UN mechanisms on refugees and internally displaced persons
Council of Europe
The European Convention on Nationality makes a number of references to children
Article 6.2 says that Each State Party shall provide in its internal law for its nationality to be acquired by children born on its territory who do not acquire at birth another nationality.
This includes, among others, children found in its territory who would otherwise be stateless.
Other relevant instruments of the Council of Europe
The African Human Rights System
The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
Article 23 of the African Charter makes the same provisions for refugee children as Article 22 of the CRC, with the important addition of a provision for internally displaced children. This says that the same provisions must apply for children who have been internally displaced because of natural disaster, internal armed conflicts, civil strife, or breakdown of economic and social order.
Article 25 sets out special provisions for children who have been separated from their parents to which children who are refugees or internally displaced are entitled.
Other relevant instruments and mechanisms in the African human rights system
The Americas
There is no inter-American instrument which deals with issues concerning refugees and internally displaced persons, but the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama relates to the situation of refugees in Latin America. There is no specific mention of children in this Declaration.
UNHCR Guidelines for protecting refugee children
Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of instruments relating to refugee and internally displaced children, and we will constantly be updating this list. If you have any additional information you would like us to add, please contact us at [email protected].
Further information
Visit: http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=13767
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IRAN: Halt mass deportation of Afghans [news]
[LONDON, 19 June 2007] – Iran should immediately halt the mass deportations of Afghan nationals and investigate allegations that its authorities have abused numerous deportees, Human Rights Watch said on Tuesday. Iran should also ensure that Afghans faced with deportation are given the individual opportunity to seek protection based on conditions in Afghanistan that would threaten their lives or freedom, Human Rights Watch said.
Since late April, the Iranian government has forcibly deported back to Afghanistan nearly 100,000 registered and unregistered Afghans living and working in Iran. The Iranian government says the mass deportation is aimed at reducing the number of illegal immigrants in the country, but Iranian officials have also expelled Afghans who have been registered with the authorities, many of whom have been regarded as refugees (panahandegan) for many years. Iran announced in 2006 that it would “voluntarily repatriate” all of the more than 1 million Afghans remaining in Iran by March 2008, saying that none of those people are refugees.
“Iran can deport people who are there illegally, but it has to give them the chance to contest their deportation or to seek asylum,” said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. “It’s against international law to expel people arbitrarily based on their national origin.”
In February 2007, the Iranian government told the Afghan government and the United Nations that it intended to regularise foreign migrants on its soil, and that it would deport en masse undocumented Afghans starting on April 21, 2007. On April 23, 2007, the Iranian authorities made good on their announcement when they deported more than 4,000 Afghans through border crossings with western Afghanistan. However, the Iranian authorities did not give advance notice to many of the nearly 100,000 Afghans deported in the past 50 days that they would be expelled from Iran.
“The failure of the Afghan government and the United Nations to heed Iran’s warnings has added to the suffering of thousands of Afghans,” said Adams. “Many of those expelled are living in the desert, short of food, water and shelter. The Iranians, the Afghan government and the UN should all be ashamed of themselves.”
Many of the deported Afghans were separated from their families and had little time to collect their possessions or wages. According to the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), more than 40 percent of the deportees, most of them children, were separated from their families after their apprehension.
Nearly all of the recently returned Afghans were forced by the Iranian authorities to pay for their transportation to the Afghan border, sometimes at extraordinary cost.
According to the AIHRC, nearly 3,000 Afghan deportees said Iranian authorities beat them before reaching Afghanistan. The AIHRC also reported that Iranian authorities are responsible for the deaths of at least six Afghans. The Iranian police killed one man when they threw him out of a window while apprehending him. Five other Afghans died in Afghan hospitals after being deported as a result of injuries inflicted by Iranian police.
According to accounts gathered by Human Rights Watch, the Iranian authorities are transferring thousands of Afghans to three holding facilities near the Iranian-Afghan border before deporting them to Afghanistan. The three facilities known as Askarabad, Sang-e Safid, and Tal-e Seeya, which is also known as the “Black Dungeon,” are all veritable prisons. Recent deportees have told Human Rights Watch that the Iranian authorities routinely beat Afghans in these locations and force them to pay for their own food and water. According the AIHRC, Afghans spend between one and 19 days in these facilities before the authorities deport them back to Afghanistan.
Matiullah, who was held in Sang-e Safid for five days, told Human Rights Watch: “When I arrived at Sang-e Safid, I saw 40 Afghans chained together inside the prison. They were sitting on the ground with their hands and ankles shackled. One of the men told me that they had been shackled together in Shiraz and put in a small bus and brought to Sang-e Safid. They were shackled together all the way from Shiraz and could not use the toilet. When I saw them, I thought I was in Guantanamo Bay.”
Not all of the Afghans that went through these facilities were unregistered. For example, Mehdi, an 18-year-old Afghan, and his family were registered and legally residing in Iran. In late April, Mehdi and his family were voluntarily returning to Afghanistan when the Iranian authorities apprehended them.
“The police stopped our bus outside of Tehran; they were looking for illegal Afghans,” Mehdi told Human Rights Watch. “When they came to me, they took me from my family and arrested me. I showed them my registration paper but they told me they did not care. They said they were going to take me to Sang-e Safid prison and punish me to make sure that I would never come back to Iran. I was born there; Tehran was my home.”
Human Rights Watch called on Iran to immediately investigate abuses in these facilities and to hold to account those responsible for violating the rights of Afghans in the course of apprehension, detention and deportation. The government should ensure that repatriation efforts do not result in separation of families, especially separation of children from their parents. In addition, advance notice of intent to deport should be given to the deportees to enable them to put their affairs in order.
Human Rights Watch is particularly concerned that Afghans in need of international protection be given the opportunity to seek it in Iran. This includes both long-term Afghan residents registered by the authorities as well as newer arrivals who may have asylum claims but who have not been allowed to register at all. In all cases, Iran should strictly abide by its obligations as a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention not to return any person whose life or freedom would be threatened in Afghanistan.
Human Rights Watch also urgently called on the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to assess whether conditions inside Afghanistan, including the prevalence of generalised violence and lack of access for humanitarian assistance and human rights monitoring, would preclude the return of Afghans in conditions of safety and dignity with full respect for their human rights, including their economic, social and cultural rights. In this context, Human Rights Watch notes a June 11, 2007 UNHCR press statement, which refers to “worsening security and humanitarian access in parts of Afghanistan.” Also, on June 12, the International Committee of the Red Cross director of operations said, “There’s an intensification of the fighting [in Afghanistan], it has spread to new parts of the country, so it’s no longer confined to the south.”
Human Rights Watch called upon the UNHCR to refrain from any cooperation in the government’s repatriation program if Afghan nationals in Iran – whether registered or unregistered – are not given the opportunity to make asylum claims. Finally, Human Rights Watch called upon the UNHCR to monitor conditions in the Askarabad, Sang-e Safid, and Tal-e Seeya facilities, to see if potential refugees there are being coerced to return to unsafe conditions, and to hear potential asylum claims.
Further information
Visit: http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13768&flag=news
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OPT: 7.5 Million Palestinian refugees and IDPs in need of a rights-based solution [news]
At the end of 2006, the Palestinian population worldwide was estimated to be over 10.1 million. Seventy per cent - nearly 7.5 million - were refugees and internally displaced persons.
There are approximately 6.8 million Palestinian refugees and 400,000 internally displaced
persons, including around 2.7 million refugee children. Six million Palestinians have been refugees since 1948. Approximately 450,000 Palestinians are internally displaced persons in Israel and the OPT, while the legal status of some 400,000 additional Palestinians is unclear.
More than two thirds of the Palestinian refugees live in exile, in particular in Arab countries surrounding Palestine (Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), and approximately 20 per cent of them live in UNRWA-serviced refugee camps.
These data are released on World Refugee Day by BADIL Resource Center based on systematic review and analysis of available sources, including the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Since 1948, no agency has comprehensively registered displaced Palestinians. However, the data provided are considered to be the best estimates.
As the largest and longest unresolved refugee case in the world approaches its 60th year, Badil calls upon all parties to the conflict to adopt a rights-based approach to the search for durable solutions. Badil calls upon Israel, the United States and the European Union in particular to recognise the rights of Palestinian refugees and IDPs to return to their homes of origin, property restitution and compensation for losses and damages incurred.
Since 1948, negotiations over the Palestinian refugee issue have failed to put international law at the centre of the search for durable solutions. So-called “practical and realistic” solutions based on the unequal balance of power between the parties has instead been the chosen framework, leaving little space for respect for the rights of refugees and IDPs. Addressing and resolving the issue of Palestinian refugees and IDPs in accordance with international law is, however, central to building a just and lasting peace.
The lack of a rights-based approach has left Palestinian refugees and IDPs particularly vulnerable to renewed displacement and has created a climate of impunity. The lack of effective protection leaves Palestinian refugees vulnerable to discrimination, persecution and renewed forced displacement also in their current host countries. In Iraq, for instance, many are stranded on border areas or live without access to protection. Thousands more have been displaced during Israel's war on Lebanon in the summer of 2006 and the current conflict in the Nahr el Bared camp.
Despite ongoing displacement, no national and international response has been developed to prevent, protect from and respond to the forced displacement of Palestinians. Badil believes that international organisations, in particular the United Nations, need to urgently develop a response to the ongoing forced displacement of Palestinians in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. Israel's government and officials responsible for population transfers (ethnic cleansing) must be held accountable.
[Source: Badil Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Palestinians' Rights]
Further information
Visit: http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13769&flag=news
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MALAYSIA: Undocumented children vulnerable to statelessness [news]
[18 June 2007] - Decades of irregular migration to Sabah in eastern Malaysia have resulted in large numbers of undocumented children of migrants from the Philippines and Indonesia who are potentially at risk of statelessness.
Undocumented migrants in Malaysia are targets for arrest and deportation, which in some cases has left their children alone on the street. Children of migrants who are born in Malaysia may be undocumented if they do not possess a birth certificate.
In addition, if a child's parents have been deported and they have no other family ties in Malaysia, it may be difficult for them to trace their heritage back to their parents' country of origin in order to apply for a passport.
If no government recognises these undocumented children as nationals, then the children are vulnerable to statelessness.
Signatory
Malaysia is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which states in Article 7 that all children have a right to acquire nationality at birth.
However, Malaysia does not grant citizenship by birth, choosing not to adhere to the principle of jus soli. Individuals can only apply for citizenship if one parent is a citizen of Malaysia. Foreign parents can register their children for birth certificates, but the certificates are stamped orang asing (foreigner), reflecting the fact that the parents are not citizens of Malaysia.
Refugees International recently traveled to Sabah and interviewed migrants of Filipino and Indonesian descent.
Children with orang asing on their birth certificates, as well as those who do not possess a birth certificate, cannot go to government schools in Sabah. Private school is an option but the cost is prohibitive for most families.
There are church and community organisations in Sabah that offer private education at a reduced cost. One such non-governmental organisation has worked to educate almost 5,000 undocumented children in western Sabah, including those on the oil palm plantations, with the support of local authorities.
Crackdown
The Government of Malaysia has been cracking down on irregular migrants in the country. In Sabah, raids are conducted in housing areas where the migrants live and in markets and public areas where many work.
Those arrested are deported back to their country of origin. Many children whose parents have been deported and who do not have any other family or guardian in Sabah end up living and working on the street at a very young age, often in fish markets. A local community worker told RI, "It's those who have nobody who are there [in the fish markets]."
The exact number of street children in Sabah is unknown, but they are estimated to be in the thousands, mostly of Filipino descent.
There is strong local resentment of undocumented migrants in Sabah, and the street children are portrayed as a criminal element by authorities and the media. The children working at the fish markets are wary of outsiders and are under constant threat of raids by police.
In 2006, the police arrested about 160 street children who were placed in detention. Those with family contacts were eventually released, but there is no information on the whereabouts of the others.
Local sources in Sabah told RI that the children living on the street often do not possess identity documents like a birth certificate. There are several reasons for this. In order to obtain a birth certificate in Malaysia, it is necessary to produce a valid passport for each parent and a certificate of marriage, documents which many migrants do not possess. In addition, those who work in rural areas are sometimes not able to travel to the national registration authority to apply for the birth certificate.
'Stateless'
Under the UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, the term "stateless person" refers to anyone who is not considered a national by any State under the operation of its law. The absence of a birth certificate does not mean that a child is stateless.
However, when a child does not have a birth certificate and she has no other way of tracing her family's country of origin to apply for a passport, then the child may indeed be stateless or at risk of statelessness.
Interviews with migrants suggest that both Indonesia and the Philippines grant citizenship through the nationality of the parents, adhering to the principle of jus sanguinis. Currently, individuals of Indonesian and Filipino descent must travel to their country of origin in order to apply for a passport.
However, there is an Indonesian consulate in Sabah which could assist those of Indonesian descent with the processing of identity documents. There is no permanent consular presence for the Philippines, however, due to an unresolved dispute between the governments of Malaysia and the Philippines over the ownership of Sabah.
The existence of undocumented children in Sabah who may be vulnerable to statelessness is a complex and politicised issue. While steps are being taken to assist undocumented children in Sabah, many are still in need of increased protection and access to their basic rights, including an identity, a nationality, and education.
Source: Refugees International USA
Further information
Visit: http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13719&flag=news
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EDUCATION: Aid agency warns that targets for children in conflict-affected countries will be missed [animated report]
[LONDON, 20 June 2007] - Save the Children warns that at least 30 million children, most living in conflict affected countries, are still likely to be out of school by 2015, the target year for the Millennium Development Goals.
The Story of the Future, an animated report from Save the Children published today indicates that the current trend of providing education for more than four million children a year is not enough to reach the 2015 education target the world set itself in 2000. Although the total number of out-of-school children is declining, those who are still out-of-school are proving ever harder to reach.
More than half of the 77 million children still out of school live in conflict-affected fragile states. However, despite the vulnerability of the children living in these countries, only 23 per cent of the global basic education aid goes to these conflict and post-conflict areas.
"For nearly 60 years, since the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, world leaders have made promises to all children that they have the right to go to school and receive education. But without doing more their promises will be broken. At least 30 million children will still be out of school in 2015 - most of them in poor, conflict-affected countries," says Simon Cowell, Acting Secretary General of the International Save the Children Alliance.
"Two weeks ago, the G8 said they would target assistance to ‘low income countries and fragile states furthest away from the 2015 target' of education for all. Today on World Refugee Day, we hope that world leaders might be reminded of all the children around the world whose lives have been disrupted by conflict and act now to rewrite their future through education. For this generation of children growing up without school, making a new promise in 2015 will simply be too late."
The animated report The Story of the Future shows which major donors are seriously failing to close the funding gap needed to provide universal education, including US, Japan, Austria and Italy. More education aid from rich countries - a fraction of what is spent on education in developed countries - would make an enormous difference to children's lives. The report shows, however, that instead of increasing to meet the challenge, commitments and disbursements have dropped since 2004 with countries that need aid the most not getting their fair share.
"Universal primary education will not be reached in any predictable future. In recent years, the money that has been provided by international donors has been used to solve the relatively easy education problems - in middle-income countries or low income countries not affected by conflict", says Simon Cowell.
Education is children's chance for a better future. It can empower children to rebuild their societies. Education can protect children during a conflict, help communities heal afterwards, and build peace and prosperity.
"Giving children education today is a major contribution to achieving the other Millennium Developments Goals that world leaders set themselves. It is the key to children's and societies futures, including beating poverty, providing better health and environment and stronger partnerships to make the world better for children. How can anyone play a part in the development of their own country, improving healthcare and taking an active part in building democracy if they can't read and write?", says Simon Cowell.
Further information
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RESOURCES: Publications, news and websites
REFWORLD: Source of information for making decisions on refugee status
http://www.refworld.org
SERBIA: World Refugee Day - a statement by Serbian Refugee Council (20 June 2007)
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind0706&L=forced-migration&P=1748
IRAQ: Trapped! Unlocking the future of Iraqi refugee children (World Vision - EU Liaison Office, April 2007)
http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13125&flag=report
AUSTRALIA: Seeking Asylum Alone: Unaccompanied and separated children and refugee protection (Harvard University, December 2006)
http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=11927&flag=report
UK: Seeking Asylum Alone: Unaccompanied and separated children and refugee protection (Harvard University, December 2006)
http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=11928&flag=report
RIGHT TO EDUCATION: A Resource for Organisations Working with Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, August 2006)
http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=9671&flag=report
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**NEWS IN BRIEF**
SIERRA LEONE: First war crimes verdicts (20 June 2007)
http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=13764
SUDAN: UN Human Rights Council Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Darfur (June 2007)
http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13652&flag=report
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD: Concluding Observations on the OPAC for Guatemala, Monaco, Norway and Sweden (June 2007)
http://www.crin.org/email/crinmail_detail.asp?crinmailID=2167#co
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