Soumis par Louise le
[26 July 2010] - With the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico dominating headlines for the past three months, it is difficult not to think of the impact it will have on children. As the risk of exposure to harmful chemicals continues to rise and beaches remain closed for the summer, it has become increasingly clear that the effects of the spill will extend far beyond a temporary swimming ban and linger for many, many years. Indeed, the damage to the environment is long-term at best, and the staggering loss of marine life threatens to permanently cripple the region's ecosystem.
Sadly, this oil spill is not alone in terms of large-scale environmental disasters, and children around the world face the devastating consequences of industrial accidents and exploitation. Although the CRC does not specifically address children's right to a clean environment, it is nonetheless apparent that pollution and destruction of habitat negatively impact on children's lives and violate countless provisions of the Convention. Among the many other rights guaranteed to children under international human rights treaties, it must be remembered that children have the right under the CRC to:
- Life, survival and development (Article 6)
- The "highest attainable standard of health", including access to emergency services and primary health care (Article 24)
- A standard of living adequate for "physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development" (Article 27)
- Rest, leisure, recreation and full participation in cultural life (Article 31)
Despite the CRC's over 20 years in force, corporations and governments have continued to breach children's right to a clean environment with relative impunity. Even where cases have succesfully been brought to hold polluters responsible and deliver remedies to victims, results have not always been satisfactory. Nevertheless, there have been landmark decisions as well, forcing those in power to accept their role as stewards of the environment for generations to come. CRIN has collected a number of relevant legal actions brought to defend children's right to a clean environment, as presented below, and believes firmly that children must be granted full access to justice if these and other violations are ever to be stopped.
Old fires reignited in India
In June, a court in central India convicted top executives and their corporate employer of crimes related to the 1984 industrial disaster at a chemical plant in Bhopal that killed thousands. The employees were found guilty of negligence, endangering public life, and causing hurt and subsequently sentenced to the maximum allowable punishment by law - two years in prison and fines of roughly 2,000 USD each.
Almost 4,000 people died in or immediately following the disaster, more than 10,000 other deaths are thought to have been caused by related illnesses, and hundreds of thousands of survivors face adverse health effects like shortness of breath, cancer, loss of vision, fatigue, and heart problems.
Despite the dramatic scale of the loss of life and continuing ill effects, the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal reports that survivors have received an average of just 500 USD each. Indian officials have been heavily criticised for failing to take a hard line with the company, and many advocates have decried the government's reluctance to hold foreign companies responsible for fear of discouraging outside investment. Notably, the former chairman of the U.S. corporation that owned the plant at the time of the disaster remains at large.
Slick moves to escape liability in Nigeria
In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, oil spills have ravaged the environment for the last 50 years. Indeed, according to a report from the New York Times, "perhaps no place on earth has been as battered by oil", and once vibrant wetlands have been rendered lifeless.
Environmental protesters have been beaten and suppressed, fisherman have lost their livelihoods, and small children are swimming in increasingly polluted waters. Oil giants Shell and Exxon-Mobil have admitted minor spills, but blame sabotage and theft for the large majority of the damage.
In 2008, the Niger Delta youth movement sued five major oil companies and the federal government in a Federal High Court in Abuja amid allegations of flaring gas and pumping noxious substances into the atmosphere. Sadly, the case has received little attention in the media since its filing and both oil and pollution continue to flow.
Disaster of nuclear proportions in Russia
In the five decades that have passed since one of the largest nuclear disasters in world history struck Russia's Mayak nuclear power plant, local communities have suffered greatly from the effects of radiation.
Beginning in 1957, children from as young as fourth grade were forced to assist with their bare hands in the clean-up of the toxic waste, and those who did not die soon after the accident have lived to face serious health problems. Even today, radioactive waste continues to flow through the nearby Techa river, placing now three generations in peril with unusually high death rates and nearly half of all babies born with serious genetic defects.
In recent years, victims of these disasters have begun to seek compensation in Russian courts, including a third generation plaintiff with a crippling blood disease whose grandparents were evacuated from a polluted zone. Looking to the Russian Constitution and Civil Code, a court ruled in favor of this plaintiff and awarded “moral damages.” Several other victims have sued and won similarly small but precedent-setting judgments, opening the door for more victims – including those from future generations – to seek reparations in the courts.
Victory still blows like wind through the trees in the Philippines
In 1993, a group of children in the Philippines - including those of renowned environmental activist Antonio Oposa - brought a lawsuit in conjunction with the non-profit Philippine Ecological Network to stop the destruction of the fast disappearing rain forests in their country.
The plaintiff children based their claims in the national Constitution, which recognises the right of people to a “balanced and healthful ecology” and the right to “self-preservation and self-perpetuation." Oposa also raised the idea of “intergenerational equity” before the court, which is the notion that natural resources belong to people of all ages and that if adults were to harvest all of a country’s resources, they would be stealing from their children, their children’s children, and all future generations.
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the children, issuing several groundbreaking statements that still resonate nearly two decades later. Among other things, the Court found the right to a clean environment and to exist from the land, and - perhaps more importantly - a justiciable intergenerational responsibility to maintain a clean environment, meaning that each generation has a responsibility to the next to preserve the environment.